Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews

Perspectives for Progress - Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: A Focus on Scientific Rigor We examine the scientific evidence supporting The Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy in Sport (RED-S) syndromes. More research is necessary to advance the understanding of both syndromes; however, it is premature to consider RED-S as an evidence-based syndrome. Future research should specifically define RED-S components, determine its clinical relevance, and establish the causality of relative energy deficiency on RED-S outcomes. Address for Correspondence: Nancy I. Williams, Sc.D., FACSM, FNAK, Professor and Head, Department of Kinesiology, Co-Director, Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, 276 Recreation Building, University Park, PA 16802. Email: niw1@psu.edu; Phone: 814-863-1163 Conflicts of interest; disclosure of funding: none © 2019 American College of Sports Medicine

Carbohydrate Availability as a Regulator of Energy Balance with Exercise We explore the novel hypothesis that carbohydrate availability is involved in the regulation of energy balance with exercise, via hormonal and neural signals. We propose that carbohydrate availability could play a direct mechanistic role and partially explain previously-documented relationships between a more active lifestyle and tighter control of energy balance. Corresponding author: Javier T. Gonzalez, Department for Health, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Tel: 0(+44) 1225 38 5518; E-mail: J.T.Gonzalez@bath.ac.uk, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9939-0074. Funding: No funding was received for the preparation of this manuscript. Conflicts of interest: J.T.G. has received research funding and/or has acted as a consultant for Arla Foods Ingredients, Lucozade Ribena Suntory, Kenniscentrum Suiker and Voeding, and PepsiCo. J.A.B. has received research funding and/or has acted as a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, Lucozade Ribena Suntory, Kellogg's, Nestlé and PepsiCo and is a scientific advisor to the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI). D.T. has received funding and acted as a consultant for Unilever. © 2019 American College of Sports Medicine

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