Trends and disparities in 44 national notifiable infectious diseases in China: an analysis of national surveillance data from 2010 to 2019

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Trends and disparities in 44 national notifiable infectious diseases in China: an analysis of national surveillance data from 2010 to 2019 via Journal of Medical Virology Abstract Background Research assessing the changing epidemiology of infectious diseases in China after the implementation of new health-care reform in 2009 was scarce. We aimed to get the latest trends and disparities of national notifiable infectious diseases by age, sex, province and seasons in China from 2010 to 2019. Methods The number of incident cases and deaths, incidence rate and mortality of 44 national notifiable infectious diseases by sex, age groups, and provincial regions from 2010 to 2019 was extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and official reports, and divided into six kinds of infectious diseases by transmission routes and three classes (A, B and C) in this descriptive study. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to quantify the temporal trends of incidence and mortality rate. We calculated concentration index to measure economic-related inequality. Segmented interrupted time-series analy sis was used to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemic of notifiable infectious disease. Results The trend of incidence rate on six kinds of infectious diseases by transmission routes was stable, while only mortality of sexual, blood-borne, and mother-to-child-borne infectious diseases increased from 0.6466 per 100 000 population in 2010 to 1.5499 per 100 000 population in 2019 by 8.76% per year (95%CI: 6.88-10.68). There was a decreasing trend of incidence rate on Class-A infectious diseases (EAPC=-16.30%; 95%CI: -27.93 - -2.79) and Class-B infectious diseases (EAPC=-1.05%; 95%CI: -1.56 - -0.54), while an increasing trend on Class-C infectious diseases (EAPC=6.22%; 95%CI: 2.13~10.48). For mortality, there was a decreasing trend on Class-C infectious diseases (EAPC=-14.76%; 95%CI: -23.46 - -5.07), and an increasing trend on Class-B infectious diseases (EAPC=4.56%; 95%CI: 2.44-6.72). In 2019, the infectious diseases with highest incidence rate and mortality were respiratory diseases (340.95 per 100 000 population), and sexual, blood-borne, and mother-to-child-borne infectious diseases (1.5459 per 100 000 population), respectively. The greatest increasing trend of incidence rate was observed in seasonal influenza, from 4.83 per 100 000 population in 2010 to 253.36 per 100 000 population in 2019 by 45.16% per year (95%CI: 29.81-62.33), especially among female and children aged 0 – 4 years old. The top disease with highest mortality was still AIDs which had the highest average yearly mortality in 24 provinces from 2010 to 2019, and its incidence rate (EAPC=14.99%; 95%CI: 8.75-21.59) and mortality (EAPC=9.65; 95%CI: 7.71-11.63) both increased from 2010 to 2019, especially among people aged 44 – 59 years old and 60 or older. Male incidence rate and mortality were higher than females each year from 2010 to 2018 on 29 and 10 infectious diseases, respectively. Additionally, sex differences of incidence and mortality of AIDS were becoming larger. The curve lay above the equality line, with the negative value of the concentration index, which indicated that economic-related health disparities exist in the distribution of incidence rate and mortality of respiratory diseases (incidence rate: the concentration index = -0.063, P<0.0001; mortality: the concentration index = -0.131, P<0.001), sexual, blood-borne, and mother-to-child-borne infectious diseases (incidence rate: the concentration index = -0.039, P=0.0192; mortality: the concentration index = -0.207, P<0.0001), and the inequality disadvantageous to the poor (pro-rich). Respiratory diseases (Dec, Jan), intestinal diseases (May, Jun, July), zoonotic infectious diseases (Mar-Jul) and vector-borne infectious diseases (Sep-Oct) had distinct seasonal epidemic patterns. In addition, segmented interrupted time-series analyses showed that, after adjusted for potential seasonality, autocorrelation, GDP per capita, number of primary medical institutions a nd other factors, there was no significant impact of COVID-19 epidemic on the monthly incidence rate of six kinds of infectious diseases by transmission routes from 2018 to 2020 (all P>0.05). Conclusions The incidence rates of six kinds of infectious diseases were stable in the past decade, and incidence rates of Class-A and Class-B infectious diseases were deceasing, because of comprehensive prevention and control measures and strengthened health system after the implementation of the new health-care reform in China since 2009. However, age, gender, regional and economic disparities were still observed. Concerted efforts are needed to reduce the impact of seasonal influenza (especially among children aged 0 – 4 years old) and the mortality of AIDs (especially among people aged 44 – 59 years old and 60 or older). More attention should be paid to the disparities on the burden of infectious diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserve d. View on Web

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Haplotypic variants of COVID‐19 related genes are associated with blood pressure and metabolites levels

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Haplotypic variants of COVID‐19 related genes are associated with blood pressure and metabolites levels via Journal of Medical Virology Abstract The genetic association of COVID-19 with its complications has not been fully understood. This study aimed to identify variants and haplotypes of candidate genes implicated in COVID-19 related traits by combining the literature review and pathway analysis. In order to explore such genes, the protein-protein interactions and relevant pathways of COVID-19-associated genes were assessed. A number of variants on candidate genes were identified from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) which were associated with COVID-19 related traits (p˂10-6). Haplotypic blocks were assessed using haplotypic structures among the 1000 Genomes Project (r2≥0.8, D'≥0.8). Further functional analyses were performed on the selected variants. The results demonstrated that a group of variants in ACE and AGT genes were significantly correlated with COVID-19 related traits. Three haplotypes were identified to be involved in the blood metabolites levels and the development of blood pressure. Functional analyses revealed that most GWAS index variants were expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and had transcription factor binding sites, exonic splicing enhancers, or silencer activities. Furthermore, the proxy haplotype variants, rs4316, rs4353, rs4359, and three variants, namely rs2493133, rs2478543, and rs5051, were associated with blood metabolite and systolic blood pressure, respectively. These variants exerted more regulatory effects compared with other GWAS variants. The present study indicates that the genetic variants and candidate haplotypes of COVID-19 related genes are associated with blood pressure and blood metabolites. However, further observational studies are warranted to confirm these results. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. View on Web

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The third inactivated vaccine booster dramatically enhanced SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody responses and did not influence the profile of prothrombotic antibody

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader The third inactivated vaccine booster dramatically enhanced SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody responses and did not influence the profile of prothrombotic antibody via Journal of Medical Virology Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the production of both SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and autoantibodies in serum following the third booster vaccination of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, and to study the effect of B cell subsets with CD27 and CD38 phenotypes in peripheral blood on antibody production. Methods Routine blood indexes, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, platelet factor 4 and seven antiphospholipid antibodies were detected both before and 2 months after vaccination in the medical staff of the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. Peripheral blood B cell subtypes were detected prior to vaccination. Results Following immunization, the positive rate of anti-N-S1 IgG had increased from 24.8% to 91.3% and the average antibody concentration had increased by 11 times. The positive rate of NAb had increased from 24.8% to 91.3%, the average antibody concentration had increased by 12 times, and the primary increased anti-S1 IgG subtype was that of IgG1. Peripheral blood CD27+CD38+ B cells were positively correlated with antibody levels after vaccination and were a predictor of the antibody response. In addition, although some indicators showed slight absolute changes, the blood parameters and antiphospholipid antibodies of most volunteers were normal both before and after COVID-19 inactivated vaccine inoculation, and there was no statistical difference in abnormal rates either before or after inoculation. Conclusion Antibodies in vivo were increased after vaccination with the inactivated vaccine, and IgG1 was the main subtype involved in response to the vaccine. Vaccination with the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine did not appear to affect thrombus-related autoantibodies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. View on Web

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Use of Statistical Process Control Methods for Early Detection of Healthcare Facility-Associated Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Outbreaks: A Single Center Pilot Study

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Use of Statistical Process Control Methods for Early Detection of Healthcare Facility-Associated Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Outbreaks: A Single Center Pilot Study via Clinical Infectious Diseases Advance Access Abstract Background Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging pathogens increasingly implicated in healthcare facility-associated (HCFA) infections and outbreaks. We analyzed the performance of statistical process control (SPC) methods in detecting HCFA NTM outbreaks. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 3 NTM outbreaks that occurred from 2013-2016 at a tertiary care hospital. The outbreaks consisted of pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) acquisition, cardiac surgery-associated extrapulmonary MABC infection, and a bronchoscopy-associated pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). We analyzed monthly case rates of unique patients who had positive respiratory cultures for MABC, non-respiratory cultures for MABC, and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures for MAC, respectively. For each outbreak, we used these rates to construct a pilot mov ing average (MA) SPC chart with a rolling baseline window. We also explored the performance of numerous alternative control charts, including exponentially weighted moving average, Shewhart, and cumulative sum charts. Results The pilot MA chart detected each outbreak within 2 months of outbreak onset, preceding actual outbreak detection by an average of 6 months. Over a combined 117 months of pre- and post-outbreak surveillance, no false positive SPC signals occurred (specificity = 100%). Prospective use of this chart for NTM surveillance could have prevented an estimated 108 cases of NTM. Six high-performing alternative charts detected all outbreaks during the month of onset with specificities ranging from 85.7% to 94.9%. Conclusions SPC methods have potential to substantially improve HCFA NTM surveillance, promoting early outbreak detection and prevention of NTM infections. Additional study is needed to determine the best application of SPC for prospective HC FA NTM surveillance in other settings. View on Web

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Determining Invasion Depth in Superficial Pharyngeal Carcinoma by Transoral Ultrasonography

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Determining Invasion Depth in Superficial Pharyngeal Carcinoma by Transoral Ultrasonography via The Laryngoscope Classification for transoral US findings. (A) US-EP. (B) US-SEP slight. (C) US-SEP deep. White arrow: Tumor. EP, epithelium; SEP, subepithelial propria; US, ultrasonography. Objectives To examine the clinical usefulness of transoral ultrasonography (US) in determining the invasion depth of superficial pharyngeal carcinoma (SPC). Determining the invasion depth of SPC is crucial for transoral surgery including determining treatment strategy. This study aimed to examine the usefulness of transoral US in determining the invasion depth of SPC. Methods Forty-six patients with 51 lesions who underwent both magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (ME-NBI) and transoral US were included. The primary outcomes were the sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV), and negative predictive values (NPV) of ME-NBI and transoral US findings for pathological tumor depth in SPCs. Results The accuracy (82.4%), sensitivity (85.2%), PPV (82.1%), and NPV (82.6%) rates of US for subepithelial propria (SEP) were higher than those of ME-NBI and macroscopic classification, indicating that transoral US is superior to ME-NBI in determining the invasion depth. All cases where the SEP was clearly invaded (SEP deep) could be diagnosed as SEP by transoral US. Conclusions Transoral US may be useful in determining the invasion depth of SPCs. Level of Evidence 3 Laryngoscope, 2022 View on Web

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Effectiveness and safety of path‐based analgesic regimens designed by clinical pharmacists based on the type of biliary and pancreatic surgery

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Effectiveness and safety of path‐based analgesic regimens designed by clinical pharmacists based on the type of biliary and pancreatic surgery via Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Based on the characteristics of biliary and pancreatic diseases, clinical pharmacists have designed path-based postoperative analgesia regimens based on the surgeries included in the diseases (benign biliary surgery; malignant biliary surgery; benign pancreatic surgery; malignant pancreatic surgery). Abstract What Is Known and Objective As the incidence of postoperative pain in patients with biliary and pancreatic diseases has gradually increased, how to control postoperative pain has received increasing research attention. By reading pain management guidelines and multidisciplinary communication and cooperation, clinical pharmacists designed multi-mode analgesia regimens based on surgical types, in order to provide strong evidence for the effectiveness and safety of postoperative analgesia regimens and better serve patients. Methods Data from biliary or pancreatic surgery performed at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from 2019 to 2021 were collected. Take October 2020 as the time point to compare the outcomes before and after the implementation of the path-based postoperative analgesic regimens. The primary outcomes were NRS pain scores, sleep quality, and incidence of adverse reactions. Length of stay was a secondary outcome. Results and Discussion A total of 268 and 239 patients were enrolled in the study and control groups, respectively. Four path-based postoperative analgesic management regimens significantly reduced patients' static and dynamic NRS scores in the 24 h (p < 0.05). The patients' sleep quality were better than controls (p > 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions and the length of stay in the study group were numerically lower than controls. Moderate analysis indicated that four analgesia regimens are more precise and better meet actual clinical needs. What Is New and Conclusion Effective and safe postoperative pain management is particularly important for clinical purposes. Path-based postoperative analgesia regimens based on different types of surgery overcome the disadvantages of overly broad and generalized traditional guidelines, which play an important role in providing personalized and precise clinical services. Further, study findings provide evidence that four path-based analgesic regimens can reduce postoperative pain and reduce the length of hospital stay, which may provide a better direction for clinical postoperative pain management. View on Web

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The efficacy of oral corticosteroids for treatment of Tietze syndrome: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader The efficacy of oral corticosteroids for treatment of Tietze syndrome: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial via Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics The addition of short-term oral corticosteroids showed a clear benefit for use at 1, 2 and 3 weeks in improvement of pain and quality of life in patients with Tietze syndrome. The difference found by adding corticosteroids was maintained at mid-term follow up of patients with Tietze syndrome after treatment cessation. Joint swelling reported by patients with Tietze syndrome does not correlate with improvement in pain symptoms. Abstract What is known and objective Tietze syndrome is a rare form of chest wall costochondritis with joint swelling which can cause significant chest pain and decline in ability of daily activities. There is no standardized treatment protocol. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of adding oral steroids in addition to other non- steroidal treatment in improvement of pain and quality of life (QOL) in patients with Tietze syndrome. Methods Forty patients with Tietze syndrome were randomly divided into two treatment groups: (1) One week of prednisolone 40 mg daily followed by 1 week of prednisolone 20 mg daily followed by 1 week of 10 mg with 3 weeks of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment (n = 20); (2) three weeks of NSAID treatment only (n = 20). A symptom questionnaire was used to rate the major symptoms of Tietze syndrome and costochondritis: Numeric rating scale (NRS) for pain on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (severest pain); the resulting global symptom score was used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment with assessment of joint swelling resolution. The EQ-5D-5L instrument for measurement of QOL was used. Assessments were made on intention to treat basis at baseline and at 1, 2 and 3 weeks followed by a medium term follow period after treatment cessation. The trial was registered at www.isrctn.com ISRCTN11877533. Results and discussion There was a significant drop in mean NRS pain scores between the groups at 1, 2 and 3 weeks in favour of the steroid group (46.8% vs. 17.7%; p < 0.001, 56.3% vs. 35.8% p < 0.001 and 65.4% vs. 46.7% p < 0.001 respectively). There was a 25.8% (95% CI 13.2–38.8) difference in mean NRS score drop at a median of 6.5 months after treatment cessation in favour of the steroid group over the NSAID only group. Only three cases of mild GIT upset in the steroid group and two cases of mild nausea were reported in the NSAID group. There was an improvement in QOL using the median EQ-5D-5L scoring at 3 weeks in favour of the steroid group 7 (7, 8) versus 10 (8.5–11), (p < 0.001). The improvement in pain scoring and QOL did not correlate with improvement in joint swelling at 3 weeks after treatment with 2/20 (10%) in the steroid arm versus 1/20 (5%) in NSAID arm having an obvious improvement (p = 0.393). What is new and conclusion In this study, addition of short-term oral corticosteroids showed a clear benefit for use at 1, 2 and 3 weeks in improvement of pain and QOL in patients with Tietze syndrome. This difference was maintained at mid-term follow up after treatment cessation. This facilitates the advantage of using steroids as well as excluding their side effects for an accepted timeframe. View on Web

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Concomitant administration of warfarin and toremifene: A case report

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Concomitant administration of warfarin and toremifene: A case report via Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics We reported a 50-year-old woman who was treated with warfarin after prosthetic valve replacement and had a fluctuating international normalized ratio (INR) following the concomitant administration of toremifene. The results suggested when concomitant administration of warfarin and to remifene, the interaction between them is not serious, but the dose of warfarin needs to be reduced. Abstract What Is Known and Objective Antiestrogen agents have been reported to enhance the anticoagulant activity of warfarin. The use of tamoxifen with warfarin has been contraindicated. However, warfarin in combination with toremifene has not been reported. We report a case in which warfarin was combined with toremifene and applied warfarin dose prediction models to predict the dose of warfarin. Case Summary We report the case of a 50-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer, who underwent long-term toremifene therapy after mastectomy. The patient was treated with warfarin after prosthetic valve replacement and had a fluctuating international normalized ratio (INR) following the concomitant administration of toremifene. We applied the warfarin dose prediction model to adjust the warfarin dose during treatment. Finally, her INR stabilized with a lower dose of warfarin, and there was no serious bleeding during the 1-year follow-up. What Is New and Conclusion Warfarin does not have a serious interaction with toremifene in this case, but it needed about 37.5% dose reduction which was comparable to the interaction of some common antibiotics with warfarin. View on Web

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Barriers to medication adherence in children, adolescents, and young adults prescribed anticoagulation

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Barriers to medication adherence in children, adolescents, and young adults prescribed anticoagulation via Pediatric Blood & Cancer Abstract Pediatric and adolescent and young adult (AYA) thromboembolism is treated with anticoagulation, but little is known about adherence. The aims of this study were to describe barriers to adherence among children and AYAs (ages 0–25 years) prescribed anticoagulants and to explore the relationship between barriers and self-reported adherence. Nearly 75% of patients and caregivers reported barriers, and a larger number of barriers was associated with missing at least one dose in the past month per both patient (rpb  = 0.48, p = .01) and caregiver (rpb  = 0.52, p = .01) report. Limitations, clinical implications, and future directions are discussed. View on Web

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