Key Points CD8+ T cells release Wnts that suppress HIV transcription. Antagonizing Wnts abrogates CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic anti-HIV activity. Wnts correlate with HIV controller status.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points IL-4/IL-13 in the thymus guide HR+ETP to give rise to DCs. IL-4/IL-13–driven HR+ETP–derived DCs reinforce negative selection of T cells. IL-4/IL-13 fine-tune central T cell tolerance to constrain CNS autoimmunity.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points CD28null T cells show high reactivity of β2 integrin upon chemokine stimulation. ROS-mediated Ca2+ release is critical for β2 integrin activation in T cells. Spontaneous β2 integrin activity of CD28null T cells in ACS is ROS dependent.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points T cells or whole spleen from NOD-PerIg mice transfer neuritis to NOD.scid recipients. CD4+ T cells are necessary and sufficient to transfer neuritis. Islet and sciatic nerve CD4+ T cells have differing patterns of CD95, PD-1, and Tim-3.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points OGG1 inhibitor SU0268 facilitates antibacterial immunity in PA14 infection. SU0268 mitigates bacterial infection via an mtDNA-mediated cGAS pathway. SU0268 attenuates lung injury caused by PA14 infection in vivo.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points CD21low B cells occur in different autoimmune diseases with different frequencies. CD21low B cells can present with naive and different memory phenotypes. All subsets of CD21low B cells share a common core phenotype.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points Pathogen-specific TE are a prodigious source of chemokines. The complete TE chemokine spectrum is CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 > XCL1 ≥ CCL1 > CCL9/10 >> CXCL2. TE exhibit unique and shared chemokine synthesis/expression/secretion patterns.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points FcRIIb2 expression in BMECs is upregulated by Epo. Epo induces a capacity of incorporating soluble ICs selectively in BMECs. Epo promotes the clearance of soluble ICs in the blood circulation.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points Four human Der p 2–specific IgE mAbs were identified by a new hybridoma technology. The human IgE mAbs recognize two nonoverlapping epitopes on Der p 2. NMR identified residues in the epitopes of human IgE and murine IgG mAbs.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points AKT phosphorylates NLRP3 at S5, preventing self-oligomerization and IL-1β release. NLRP3 S5 phosphorylation prevents TRIM31-mediated degradation during LPS priming.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has emerged as a major global health concern. Although susceptible to infection, recent evidence indicates mostly asymptomatic or mild presentation of the disease in infants, children, and adolescents. Similar observations were made for acute respiratory infections caused by other coronaviruses (severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome). These observations suggest that the immune system behaves differently in children than adults. Recent...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points Pre-existing BCG immunity influences T cell responses of subunit booster vaccines. M. tuberculosis–specific subunit vaccines bypass this mechanism and improve protection.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Immunity to viruses requires an array of critical cellular proteins that include IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Consequently, most viruses that infect vertebrates encode proteins that interfere with IRF3 activation. This review describes the cellular pathways linked to IRF3 activation and where those pathways are targeted by human viral pathogens. Moreover, key regulatory pathways that control IRF3 are discussed. Besides viral infections, IRF3 is also involved in resistance to some bacterial infections,...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points FMDV 3B protein inhibits type I IFN production. FMDV 3B protein interacts with RIG-I to block RIG-I–mediated immune signaling. The aa 17A in each copy of 3B is critical for suppression of IFN response.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Key Points HIF-α subunits differentially regulate Tie2 expression on macrophages. Myeloid HIF-1α deficiency enhances tumor oxygenation and chemotherapeutic response.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:00
Tissue Engineering Part A, Ahead of Print.
Mon Oct 05, 2020 10:00
Bayesian regression methods that incorporate different mixture priors for marker effects are used in multi-trait genomic prediction. These methods can also be extended to genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In multiple-trait GWAS, incorporating the underlying causal structures among traits is essential for comprehensively understanding the relationship between genotypes and traits of interest. Therefore, we develop a GWAS methodology, SEM-Bayesian alphabet, which, by applying the structural equation...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:18
The flySAM/CRISPRa system has recently emerged as a powerful tool for gain-of-function studies in Drosophila melanogaster. This system includes Gal4/UAS-driven dCas9 activators and U6 promoter-controlled sgRNA. Having established dCas9 activators superior to other combinations, to further enhance the efficiency of the targeting activators we systematically optimized the parameters of the sgRNA. Interestingly, the most efficient sgRNAs were found to accumulate in the region from -150bp to -450bp upstream...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:18
Anthocyanins are pigmented secondary metabolites produced via the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and play important roles in plant stress responses, pollinator attraction, and consumer preference. Using RNA-sequencing analysis of a cross between diploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) lines segregating for flower color, we identified a homolog of the ANTHOCYANIN 2 (AN2) gene family that encodes a MYB transcription factor, herein termed StFlAN2, as the regulator of anthocyanin production in potato corollas....
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Admixture is increasingly being recognized as an important factor in evolutionary genetics. The distribution of genomic admixture tracts, and the resulting effects on admixture linkage disequilibrium, can be used to date the timing of admixture between species or populations. However, the theory used for such prediction assumes selective neutrality despite the fact that many famous examples of admixture involve natural selection acting for or against admixture. In this paper, we investigate the effects...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Bryozoans are a diverse phylum of marine and freshwater colonial invertebrates containing approximately 6,300 described living species. Bryozoans grow by budding new physiologically connected colony members (zooids) from a founding individual that forms from a metamorphosed larva. In some species these zooids come in different shapes and sizes and are specialized to serve different tasks within the colony. A complex interaction of genotype, environment, and developmental pathway shapes zooid fate,...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Introgression from wild relatives is a valuable source of novel allelic diversity for breeding. We investigated the genomic patterns of introgression from Aegilops tauschii, the diploid ancestor of the wheat D genome, into winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. The population of 351 BC1F3:5 lines was selected based on phenology from crosses between six hexaploid wheat lines and 21 wheat-Ae. tauschii octoploids. SNP markers developed for this population and a diverse panel of 116 Ae. tauschii...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Mitotic recombination is the predominant mechanism for repairing double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Current recombination models are largely based on studies utilizing the enzyme I-SceI or HO to create a site-specific break, each of which generates broken ends with 3' overhangs. In this study sequence-diverged ectopic substrates were used to assess whether the frequent Pol -mediated removal of a mismatch 8 nucleotides from a 3' end affects recombination outcomes and whether the presence...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Despite over 100 years of study, the location of the fully sex-linked region of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) carrying the male-determining locus, and the regions where the XY pair recombine, remain unclear. Previous population genomics studies to determine these regions used small samples from recently bottlenecked captive populations, which increase the false positive rate of associations between individuals’ sexes and SNPs. Using new data from multiple natural populations, we show that a recently...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Genome-wide analysis of transcriptome data in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii shows periodic patterns in gene expression levels when cultures are grown under alternating light and dark cycles so that G1 of the cell cycle occurs in the light phase and S/M/G0 occurs during the dark phase. However, alternative splicing, a process that enables a greater protein diversity from a limited set of genes, remains largely unexplored by previous transcriptome based studies in C. reinhardtii. In this study, we used...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Identification of co-expressed sets of genes (gene modules) is used widely for grouping functionally related genes during transcriptomic data analysis. An organism-wide atlas of high-quality gene modules would provide a powerful tool for unbiased detection of biological signals from gene expression data. Here, using a method based on independent component analysis we call DEXICA, we have defined and optimized 209 modules that broadly represent transcriptional wiring of the key experimental organism...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Precision genome editing for model organisms has revolutionized functional analysis and validation of a wide variety of molecular systems. To date, the capacity to insert single-copy transgenes into the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has focused on utilizing either transposable elements or CRISPR-based safe harbor strategies. These methods require plate-level screening processes to avoid selecting heritable extrachromosomal arrays or rely on co-CRISPR markers to identify knock-in events. As...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Plant disease resistance is largely governed by complex genetic architecture. In maize, few disease resistance loci have been characterized. Near-isogenic lines are a powerful genetic tool to dissect quantitative trait loci. We analyzed an introgression library of maize (Zea mays) near-isogenic lines, termed a nested near-isogenic line library for resistance to northern leaf blight caused by the fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica. The population was comprised of 412 BC5F4 near-isogenic lines that...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Most of the genomic studies in plants and animals have used additive models for studying genetic parameters and prediction accuracies. In this study, we used genomic models with additive and nonadditive effects to analyze the genetic architecture of growth and wood traits in an open-pollinated (OP) population of Eucalyptus pellita. We used two progeny trials consisting of 5742 trees from 244 OP families to estimate genetic parameters and to test genomic prediction accuracies of three growth traits...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Improving fruit quality is an important but challenging breeding goal in winter squash. Squash breeding in general is resource-intensive, especially in terms of space, and the biology of squash makes it difficult to practice selection on both parents. These restrictions translate to smaller breeding populations and limited use of greenhouse generations, which in turn, limit genetic gain per breeding cycle and increases cycle length. Genomic selection is a promising technology for improving breeding...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
A Rosaceae family-level candidate gene approach was used to identify genes associated with sugar content in blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus). Three regions conserved among apple (Malus x domestica), peach (Prunus persica), and alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca) were identified that contained previously detected sweetness-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) in at least two of the crops. Sugar related genes from these conserved regions and 789 sugar-associated apple genes were used to identify 279...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Biological tube formation underlies organ development and, when disrupted, can cause severe birth defects. To investigate the genetic basis of tubulogenesis, we study the formation of Drosophila melanogaster eggshell structures, called dorsal appendages, which are produced by epithelial tubes. Previously we found that precise levels of Drosophila Chitinase-Like Proteins (CLPs), encoded by the Imaginal disc growth factor (Idgf) gene family, are needed to regulate dorsal-appendage tube closure and...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
MicroProteins are a class of small single-domain proteins that post-translationally regulate larger multidomain proteins from which they evolved or which they relate to. They disrupt the normal function of their targets by forming microProtein-target heterodimers through compatible protein-protein interaction (PPI) domains. Recent studies confirm the significance of microProteins in the fine-tuning of plant developmental processes such as shoot apical meristem maintenance and flowering time regulation....
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Mutations in the gene encoding the ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein ZC3H14 result in a non-syndromic form of autosomal recessive intellectual disability in humans. Studies in Drosophila have defined roles for the ZC3H14 ortholog, Nab2 (aka Drosophila Nab2 or dNab2), in axon guidance and memory due in part to interaction with a second RNA-binding protein, the fly Fragile X homolog Fmr1, and coregulation of shared Nab2-Fmr1 target mRNAs. Despite these advances, neurodevelopmental mechanisms...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Whole genome duplications (WGDs) have played a major role in angiosperm species evolution. Polyploid plants have undergone multiple cycles of ancient WGD events during their evolutionary history. However, little attention has been paid to the additional WGD of the existing allopolyploids. In this study, we explored the influences of additional WGD on the allopolyploid Brassica napus. Compared to tetraploid B. napus, octoploid B. napus (AAAACCCC, 2n = 8x =76) showed significant differences in phenotype,...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
The Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Bl.) is a woody nut crop with a high ecological value. Although many cultivars have been selected from natural seedlings, elite lines with comprehensive agronomic traits and characters remain rare. To explore genetic resources with aid of whole genome sequence will play important roles in modern breeding programs for chestnut. In this study, we generated a high-quality C. mollissima genome assembly by combining 90x Pacific Biosciences long read and 170x high-throughput...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
Setaria viridis (green foxtail) is an important model system for improving cereal crops due to its diploid genome, ease of cultivation, and use of C4 photosynthesis. The S. viridis accession ME034V is exceptionally transformable, but the lack of a sequenced genome for this accession has limited its utility. We present a 397 Mb highly contiguous de novo assembly of ME034V using ultra-long nanopore sequencing technology (read N50 = 41kb). We estimate that this genome is largely complete based on our...
Mon Oct 05, 2020 23:47
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